THE RELATIONSHIP OF STYLISTIC MARKING OF THE GERMAN NOUN AND NUMBER OF ITS SYNONYMS

THE RELATIONSHIP OF STYLISTIC MARKING OF THE GERMAN NOUN AND NUMBER OF ITS SYNONYMS Andrii VENHRYNOVYCH Higher State Educational Establishment “Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University” Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine) vengrynovych@yahoo.com ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7641-2429, Researcher ID O-8323-2017 Nataliia VENHRYNOVYCH Higher State Educational Establishment “Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University” Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine) nkuchirka@i.ua ORCID ID 0000-0001-7537-2798, Researcher ID O-8319-2017 ISSN: 2411-6181(on-line); ISSN: 2311-9896 (print) Current issues of social studies and history of medіcine. Joint UkrainianRomanian scientific journal, 2017, No:4(16), P. 10-13 UDK 811.112.2’373.421 DOI 10.24061/2411-6181.4.2017.121 German languages Германські мови

Topicality.There are numerous studies in the national and foreign linguistics on the phenomenon of synonymy.Nevertheless, investigation of synonymy problems is hampered not only by lack of unity of views on the problem key issues (definition of the concept of synonymy, synonym classification) but also due to the fact that some scientists are on the whole skeptical of the possibility and expediency of such study ,,,,1234 .Yet, another facet remains unexplored, namely the practical one -selection and investigation of the factors having effect on the number of synonyms.
The aim of the article is to verify the existence of the influence of stylistic marking / unmarking of the noun on the number of its synonyms.Main part.To test the mentioned above assumption, a statistical experiment consisting of several stages has been carried out: All the nouns from such dictionaries of synonyms as "Duden.Sinn-und sachverwandte Wörter.Synonymwörterbuch der deutschen Sprache" edited by W. Müller, "Synonymwörterbuch.Sinnverwandte Ausdrücke der deutschen Sprache" 6 edited by H. Görner and G. Kempcke and "Das Krüger Lexikon der Synonyme" 7 edited by E. and H. Bulitta have been analyzed.The overall number of nouns under study is as follows: Duden -35,834; Görner-Kempcke -17,292; Bulitta -10,950.Both one-stem words (Ende, Insekt, Schuffel) and compound words consisting of two or more stems (Schuldgefühl, Bindemittel, Taufzeuge) have been analyzed.Substantivized parts of speech such as adjectives, verbs, etc. (Neureicher, Gesandter, Werfen, Beste) have been taken into account too.Duden and Bulitta dictionaries of synonyms have no polysemantic word division according to distinct word meanings with assortment of synonyms to each of them; they just present a list of synonyms after a comma: Horn: ↑ Beule (horn, bump, lump), ↑ Blasinstrument (wind instrument), ↑ Gipfel (peak, the pointed top of a mountain), ↑ Hupe (klaxon horn), ↑ Penis (penis)… Evidently, the synonyms in the mentioned above example do not belong to the same synonymic row.The investigation was also complicated by the absence of noun gender marking: Viadukt ↑ Brücke (viaduct), Sachkenner ↑ Fachmann (expert), Depp: ↑ Dummkopf (fool, idiot).Therefore, while working with Duden and Bulitta dictionaries of synonyms we also used "Duden.Deutsches Universalwörterbuch"8 edited by Günther Drosdowski in order to a) differentiate polysemantic word meanings, b) ascertain noun gender, c) verify their being marked / unmarked.Duden dictionary of synonyms presents the words in the following way: Schwindel: ↑ Benommenheit (bemused or dazed state, muzziness), ↑ Lüge (lie), and Duden explanatory dictionary contains the following dictionary article: Schwindel, der; -s, -: 1. benommener, taumeliger Zustand mit dem Gefühl, als drehe sich alles um einen, als schwanke der Boden (a state of dizziness or vertigo with a feeling that everything is spinning around you as if the Earth is shaking): ein leichter S. überkam ihn (he was overcome by a slight dizziness); Fensterputzer arbeiten oft in S. erregender Höhe (window cleaners often work at vertiginous height); Ü (figurative) die Preise stiegen in S. erregende Höhen (the prices have risen to the giddy heights).2. (ugs., abwertend) Betrug; bewusste Täuschung, Irreführung (deception, cheating, fraud; misleading): ein unerhörter S. (unprecedented lie); der S. kam heraus, flog auf; nichts als S. (deception has been exposed, deceit has been thundered down; nothing but cheating) … Thus, the word Schwindel has 2 meanings (1 synonym to each meaning) and is of masculine gender.
The authors of Duden explanatory dictionary distinguish three levels of stylistic marking: everyday use, high style and spoken language with many sublevels.To obtain stylistic classes, we have taken Duden explanatory dictionary classification as a basis taking into account Polikarpov's views9 thus adjusting them to the purpose of our study.
The analyzed nouns were divided into groups on the basis of their main meaning being stylistically marked or unmarked, which is given in parentheses before the explanatory components of the word.As a result, 7 stylistic classes have been formed: Stylistic class "High Style" includes nouns having the following markers: gehoben (elevated), dichterisch (poetic), bildungssprachlich (style requiring certain level of education and general development); for example: Antlitz (countenance, face) -elevated; Odem (breath, blow) -poetic; Fiktion (fiction) -style requiring certain level of edu-cation and general development.
All the nouns classified according to stylistic classes have been compiled in tables displaying data on the number of synonyms (from 1 to 7 and more) (see Table 1).
Data statistic processing has been conducted at Stage 3 of our research.Since at this stage the aim of our study is revealing any dependence of synonym quantity on noun stylistic classes, the most effective statistic method of such dependency discovering is chi-square criterion (χ 2 ) and contingency coefficient (Ф) 10 .With the help of chi-square criterion we can see the presence of both congruence and variance in frequency distribution of different values.(χ 2 ) value points to the presence of relationship between certain characteristics.The intensity of this relationship is estimated by means of contingency coefficient (Ф) value.This coefficient may point to the degree of correlation of certain characteristics as well as to the "direction" of their contingency.In statistic researches it is reasonable to represent analytical data in the form of the so-called alternative distribution that is in a tabular display consisting of two columns and two rows (Table 2).
Thus, Table 1 may be represented in the form of several four-cell tables (Table 2): In a similar manner Duden and Görner-Kempcke dictionaries of synonyms have been analyzed.Based on the results obtained, we can state that none of the stylistic classes has shown meaningful bonds of its values with all frequency subclasses of the number of synonyms.Only class "Unmarked" (Duden) manifested positive distribution results in four frequency subclasses (from 4 synonyms to 7 or more).Other classes had as many as three positive indicators of chi-square criterion of seven frequency subclasses.
Conclusions.As it can be seen from the table, stylistically marked nouns have shown positive relationship with almost all frequency subclasses (except for that of 4 synonyms).Of all the classes of noun stylistic status, the largest value of Ф has been noticed in the class "Unmarked".This means that noun unmarking is the most characteristic marker of its stylistic status in the German language; this marker characterizes nouns with a large number of synonyms (based on the three dictionaries).Not much lower value of Ф has been noticed in the noun stylistic "Dialect", nevertheless it characterizes nouns with a small number of synonyms -2 synonyms (based on the three dictionaries).Thus, the obtained results have made it possible to conclude that the number of synonyms depends on the stylistic marking / unmarking of the noun.In the future it is expected to study other factors affecting the number of synonyms, namely, the frequency of words and others.