Stylistic devices of verbalization of allusion in Abraham Lincoln’s presidential speeches

STYLISTIC DEVICES OF VERBALIZATION OF ALLUSION IN ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S PRESIDENTIAL SPEECHES Mykhailo VAKHOTSKYI, Oksana MAKOVSKA Higher State Educational Institution of Ukraine “BЮkoviЧiaЧ SЭaЭe Medical UЧiversiЭв”, Chernivtsi (Ukraine) ORCID ID 0000-0003-2642-5990 Researcher ID S-6141-2016 ISSN: 2411-6181(on-line); ISSN: 2311-9896 (print) Current issues of social studies and history of med cine. Joint Ukrainian-RШmaЧiaЧ scieЧtific УШurЧaХ, 2017, No:1(13), P. 51-54 UDK 811.111’373.7 DOI 10.24061/2411-6181.1.2017.12 English language ь а а

. ,  -,  -:  ,  , , The paper is dedicated to the linguistic cognitive analysis of the allusion, exploration of pragmatic potential of stylistic means of its expression in the speeches of Abraham Lincoln.
The paper defines the notion of allusion, the main features that distinguish it from related phenomena, structure, types and mechanisms of allusions. In addition, special attention is paid to the characteristics of political discourse as a domain of the presidential speech implementation.
Detailed analysis of the works of this issue shows that in ЦoderЧ liЧgЮisЭics Эhe ЭerЦ "allЮsioЧ" has no unambiguous interpretation, and therefore other related phenomena are not clearly delineated from allusion, among them are: quotation, reference to literary or general cultural phenomenon, links, folklore, literary historical or everyday fact, known aphoristic expression, idioms, associations.
Allusion The topicality of the paper is stipulated by the general trends of modern researches to analyze the cognitive pragmatic aspect of the utterance, implicit world of the foreign culture, intertextual relations of the literary text and its stylistically significant parameters. There arise various issues related to the recognition of allusions in literature by the hearer, the desire to represent them without losing their artistic shades of meaning and transferring the functions they perform in the original work of art, as well as the identification of the best ways of their embodiment. Subject of the researchallusions, found in the English texts of speeches of the 16 th US president, Abraham Lincoln. Means of allusions representation, verbalized units, found in the English speeches of Abraham Lincoln: 84 cases of verbalized allusions and 15 fragments situations where biblical phrases are used constitute the object of the article. 17 A. LiЧcolЧ's ЭexЭs of speeches iЧ EЧglish have beeЧ aЧalyzed for the study.
The aim of the study is to identify cognitive-pragmatic potential of allusions in the English political discourse and to determine different ways of allusions verbalization by stylistic means of the English language. Thus, the objectives are: -clarify the content of terminological notion of allusion in the modern linguistics; -determine the types and mechanism of allusions in political discourse; -identify characteristic features and functional features of political discourse; -describe the possibilities of verbalization of allusions in AbrahaЦ LiЧcolЧ's presideЧЭial speeches; -find out pragmatic potential of biblical phrases in the а ь ., а в ь а . С а … English texts of these speeches. Research methods. Descriptive method is the essential one. It allows to give an accurate and complete description of language units. Descriptive-empirical method makes it possible to describe the pragmatic characteristics of the studied phenomena; contextual interpretation, which highlights the functioning of language units in a particular environment; to confirm the objectivity of the results the elements of the quantitative analysis are used and schematic representation of elements of quantitative characteristics; statistical data analysis.
In the process of research, in particular when working upon the typical papers on the subject, a sufficient number of sources has not been found, especially those that directly analyze allusion as a stylistic device in A. LiЧcolЧ's speeches. ThaЭ's whв cogЧiЭive aЧd qЮaЧЭiЭaЭive aЧalвsis of the ways of allusion verbalization in the English texts of presidential speeches represents an element of novelty of this work.
Language in politics implements a number of related functions, the main of which is argumentativeregulation of outlook and behavior of citizens 1 . The distinctive feature of political discourse is its focus on the recipient in order to achieve perlocutive effectto cause social and political reaction in the audience. Typically, members of political communication represent certain socio-political positions, and exchange of information has a pragmatic purpose, i.e., communicative process in politics always has intentional nature 2 . Political discourse refers to a special type of communication, for which a high degree of manipulation is typical, and therefore identifying the mechanisms of political communication is important for determining characteristics of language as a means of influence.
Thus, the study of 17 A. LiЧcolЧ's speeches 3 made it possible to single out and analyze allusions used by the politician during his presidency. From the point of view of the abovementioned ways of verbalization of such speech expressions different stylistic means can be used, among them are: metaphors, comparisons, historical and cultural realities (using information about the known events), place names, anthroponyms, mythologisms, biblical phrases (see Fig. 1).
O. Fedorova 4 distinguishes in A. LiЧcolЧ's speeches basic ЦeЭaphor "law", iЧ which Эhe followiЧg aspecЭs caЧ be singled out: The use of legal and judicial terms, besides implementation of the mentioned tactics of conviction is a clear exaЦple aЧd argЮЦeЧЭ of "legal experieЧce" of the speaker and therefore his authoritativeness and reliability. Complex syntactic structures (compound and complex sentences, branched syntactic systems, various phrases) which are common for official-business style are used in a speech with the same purpose 5 : At the same time, the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant they are

Figure 1. Stylistic means of allusion verbalization in A. LТЧМШlЧ's ЩШlТtТМКl sЩООМСОs.
ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers, having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal. Sentences with complicated syntactic structure make hearer focus attention, follow the main idea, and readerreread the text repeatedly.
AЭ Эhe lexical level basic ЦeЭaphor of LiЧcolЧ's ЧoЭioЧ "law" is verbalized bв Эhe ЧoЮЧs "righЭ", "law", "oaЭh", bв Эhe derived adjecЭives "lawfЮl", "legal", bв Эhe verbs "swear", "proЦise": to take in your presence the oath; I have no lawful right; rights of the States; the lawless invasion; lawfully demanded; under the laws; the lawgiver is the law; All members of Congress swear their support; contemplation of universal law; its organic law; all constitutional rights can be maintained; All the vital rights of minorities; I fully recognize the rightful authority.
The following examples illustrate comparative metaphoric turns of speech: …could not by force, take a drink from the Ohio, or make a track on the Blue Ridge, in a trial of a thousand years; If they were annually swept, from the stage of existence, by the plague or small pox, honest men would, perhaps, be much profited, by the operation; …but such belong not to the family of the lion, or the tribe of the eagle; They (the histories) were a fortress of strength; the silent artillery of time; They were a forest of giant oaks; but the all-resistless hurricane has swept over them, and left only, here and there, a lonely trunk, despoiled of its verdure, shorn of its foliage; to murmur in a few gentle breezes; They were the pillars of the temple of liberty; Historical and cultural realities are embodied by the fol- Mythologisms: …and though you throw it with more than Herculean force and precision; The success of the argument in favor of the existence of an over-ruling Providence, mainly depends upon that sense; when Solomon referred the sluggard to them as patterns of prudence.
Allusion belongs to the key rhetorical techniques used in speeches, it enriches content information and creates numerous associations by means of hinting at events, facts, characters of other works, or by using famous cultural and historical facts 6 .
General distribution of allusion means and techniques Юsed iЧ AbrahaЦ LiЧcolЧ' speeches, is reflecЭed iЧ Эable 1 (see Table 1). Comparison 10 11,9 Historical and cultural realities 8 9,5 Anthroponyms 6 7,1 Place names 24 28,6 Mythologisms 3 3,6 Total 84 100 Thus, as it can be easily seen from the table, Abraham Lincoln often used in his speeches different types of metaphorical shifts -39,3% and appealed to the existing US legislative base of the time, quoting the law and commenting on some of its articles; toponymic nomination stands second (28,6%), i.e., the president often compared their state to others, using proper names of countries, continents, cities and other geographical notions. Somewhat less frequent are comparisons, historical and cultural realities, and the least attention was paid to mythologisms.
Political discourse is considered by linguists as an object of linguistic and cultural study, as a secondary language 54 Ва ь М., Ма в ь а О. С лі і а … subsystem with its characteristic features, vocabulary and communicative influence. In political discourse almost all the complex of relationships between man and society is represented. Its integral component is the genre of political speech, which includes the influence on the audience, persuasions, sometimes even manipulation. It has been investigated that in his speeches Abraham Lincoln often resorted to using allusion devices. Among them we managed to single out metaphor, simile, references to historical and cultural realities, anthroponymsthe names of famous historical personalities, toponymsthe names of geographical objects, as well as mythologisms.
Allusion as a linguistic phenomenon is still at its stage of development and is an important issue in the modern linguistic science. In the framework of cognitive stylistics activation of studies of allusions occurs in the 20 th century, although its use as a means of expression reaches 15 th century.
Historical allusions are the most common, it depends upon the historic nature of the works. Such allusions are the easiest to decode because they are concrete and precise, but at the same time, this is the reason that they are less expressive and emotional. Historical and literary allusions give the reader some content-intelligent information.
Allusion belongs to the key rhetorical devices used in speech, it enriches texts content and creates numerous associations at the expense of addressing to facts, events, famous personalities, places, cultural and historical facts.
The analysis of political discourse involves primarily the investigation of texts together with extralinguistic factors and shows how in different linguistic groups cultural values are modeled, how social order is propagated, which elements of language picture of the world remain outside of the conscious speech strategies of the speakers, how conceptual picture of the world, typical for each linguistic community, is formed.
Conclusion. The 16 th US president Abraham Lincoln often used in his speeches different types of metaphorical shifts -39,3% and appealed to the existing US legislative base of the time, quoting the law and commenting on some of its articles; toponymic nomination stands second (28,6%), i.e., the president often compared their state to others, using proper names of countries, continents, cities and other geographical notions. Somewhat less frequent are comparisons, historical and cultural realities, and the least attention was paid to mythologisms.